The first thing a person immediately notices when passing a car is the radiator grille. Today, leading domestic manufacturers focus on it, trying to make the appearance of this exterior element as original as possible. However, the radiator grille on the Lada Largus does not suit all owners of this vehicle.
The grille is not only a design element, but also a means of protecting the radiator
Making changes yourself adds some flavor to the design. Taking this into account, many car owners strive to distinguish their car from the “gray mass” that came off the assembly line. Originality and resourcefulness are the main qualities that help transform any car.
Removing the front bumper
Usually the front bumper of the Lada Largus is removed if it is necessary to carry out body repairs, replace an element, or gain access to parts.
Also, the part is dismantled when removing the radiator grille, which is built into it. Its cladding is designed as one piece with the bumper. Tools:
- Mounting blade;
- Flat screwdriver;
- Key with 10mm head;
- T30 nozzles.
The process of removing the Largus front bumper:
- Unscrew the three screws securing the front lower part of the side motor splash guard (they need to be pulled out).
- Take the tool, pull out the core from the retainer of the rear securing part of the mudguard and remove the retainer itself.
- Remove the piston by removing it from the mudguard mounts with a tool.
- Disconnect the two parts of the mudguard (upper and lower) and remove the upper one.
- Remove the fender liner.
- In the same way, release and remove the lower mudguard and the right fender liner of the car.
- On the left side there are wires stretched to the fog lights; disconnect the block.
- Remove the screws securing the bottom of the lip to the subframe at the front of the car.
- Near the wheels (on both sides in the arches), unscrew one fastening of the side parts of the bumper, which are connected to the wings (they need to be separated).
- Release the top by unscrewing the 4 screws along the edge connected to the radiator frame.
- The rear corners need to be pulled downwards to take the stops from the holes that secure the bumper along the lower edge.
- Point the sides forward and dismantle the part.
- The wire feeding the fog lights can be removed if it is in the way.
- Unscrew all the screws securing the headlights (4 pieces each) and remove them.
- By pulling out certain plastic fasteners (located on the inside of the body), you can remove the radiator grille, headlight trim, air guide shields, and lower grille.
After the work has been completed, the bumper is installed on the car in the reverse order.
Removing the bumper is not difficult; any driver can do all the work independently, without the help of a service center. However, for this you must have at least basic knowledge of working with a car.
Reasons for restyling
Automobile companies restyling their products not only when a model becomes outdated, but also if competitive models from other manufacturers appear on the market and attract the consumer audience, resulting in a drop in profits.
Expansion of the target audience can also occur as a result of strengthening the brand if, for example, consumer attitudes towards a certain brand change due to its renewal.
It happens that style errors are discovered during operation, and they can be eliminated by changing the exterior or interior of the car.
For automobile companies, restyling is a way to revive interest in the model they are releasing. It can be planned or unplanned.
The planned restyling is carried out when the model has been around for a long time, its technical characteristics still satisfy the needs of drivers, but the appearance and interior of the cabin no longer do.
The planned appearance update usually occurs three years after the model's release.
Unscheduled restyling has to be carried out by automobile companies if the new model does not meet the expectations of its creators, and its external characteristics and comfort do not correspond to fashion trends or the wishes of the target audience.
Replacing the Lada Largus bumper (VAZ Largus)
Lada body repair in SKR is a high-quality and inexpensive repair. At the Body Repair Station, Lada cars are constantly dealt with. We have extensive experience working with this brand, which allows us to easily carry out all repair work on the body and more.
Lada body repair is not particularly difficult for us. We are used to working with spare parts for this car. And we will tell the car owner which Lada body parts are best to purchase.
And if you want to achieve the highest quality results in repairing Lada cars, leave all the hassle of selecting spare parts to us. Our craftsmen personally inspect spare parts and select the most accurate stamping possible.
This allows you to achieve a good final result in the repair. If you are interested in the cost and timing of Lada body repairs, call tel.
The owner of a Lada Largus car came to our car service center to assess the cost of damage. Our master examined the car and assessed the external damage to the body, naming the price. The client was satisfied with the price, and he left the car in our car service center.
Lada Largus has features that do not allow internal damage to be assessed. The bumper with radiator grille tightly covers the entire internal structure. But based on the nature of the impact and external damage, we assumed that the bumper reinforcement remained intact.
When removing the bumper, it turned out that the amplifier was damaged, the bumper was a plastic element and after the impact it simply snapped back into place. The amplifier on Largus is not a separate element, but part of the structure, it became clear that the cost of repairs would change. We invited the client to a car service center in order to show the internal damage and agree on further actions.
They quoted the full amount of repairs, taking into account all hidden damage, and the client agreed to continue the repairs.
Body repair of Largus consisted of the following work:
- Hood repair and painting
- Replacing and painting the front right fender
- Replacing the right headlight
- Front bumper - replacement and painting
- Front bumper reinforcement - replacement and painting
Repairing the Largus bumper did not make sense, since the price of a new bumper is much lower. There is an option to buy a bumper directly in color, but such elements may have an error in tone and will stand out against the background of the factory-painted body.
The renovation of Largus was carried out efficiently. All elements were painted to exactly match the tone of the body. Further operation of the Lada Largus is possible immediately after completion of the work.
Largus spare parts are not expensive, for this reason it is sometimes more profitable to replace even something that can be repaired. We easily found all the necessary elements and delivered them to the car service center. The client did not have to waste time on the process of purchasing spare parts.
The Lada repair was completed on time, all work is guaranteed. Service of Lada Largus is also possible in our car service center, about which the client was informed.
You can find out how much any repair costs by calling or sending your question through the form on our website:
Functional load
- The radiator grille is necessary in order to protect the chassis element of the same name from negative external influences. These include the ingress of foreign objects, overheating or hypothermia. If this part is made of chrome-plated components, then it also optimizes the airflow of the radiator honeycombs.
- This element significantly increases the stability of the cooling system. This prevents excessive heating of the coolant.
- The presence of chrome-plated components significantly extends the life of the parts with which such a grille comes into contact.
- Decorative function is a common reason for purchasing a particular car. Although very often car owners tune the radiator grill of the Lada Largus, decorating it in a certain way. There is no need to choose between beauty and functionality.
Today you can enjoy the impressive or aggressive appearance of grilles, which are sometimes considered real works of art.
Protective mesh for the radiator grill of Lada Largus
| qwerty2020 September 18, 2022 at 07:45 pm | Thing! Very good I liked it and don’t have to rack my brains! Reply |
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| Smity September 30, 2022 at 4:20 pm | Cool idea! Will there be a similar one for the top part of the grille? Reply |
| Sergey February 12, 2022 at 03:26 pm | but it won’t rust Reply |
| / Admin / February 12, 2022 at 08:41 pm | It is treated with special compounds and should not rust. Reply |
| Kurapatkin Vladimir Eduardovich April 18, 2022 at 09:45 | Yes, the “silver” bottom mesh survived the winter normally, looking like new, but when removing the winter set, four plastic screws at the base of the cap broke. It looks like they were slightly deformed, possibly from the heat of the radiator; it was difficult to unscrew the remaining threads with pliers. What can I replace them with or where can I buy them? I was going to buy the top set, but now I’m wondering where to get these fasteners later... Reply |
| / Admin / April 18, 2022 at 12:36 pm | We’ll help you get it separately, the manufacturer sells kits of these fungiReply |
| / Admin / April 20, 2022 at 04:10 | In your correspondence to the manager, write that you need a separate set of fasteners for the winter package for the shooter. AddReply |
| Ilya Vladivostok March 22, 2022 at 04:21 | A very worthy thing. The price for this quality is not overpriced. Aluminum will not rust or crack from stone. Reply |
| Vladislav April 26, 2022 at 9:59 pm | I skated through the winter with the mesh - everything is fine. I would like an analogue for the upper part of the grille, but the store representatives remain silent. :-)Answer |
| / Admin / April 27, 2022 at 00:29 | Developing a new product is not a quick process. As soon as they appear, they will immediately be in our assortmentReply |
| Evgeniy Prokudin May 19, 2022 at 10:47 am | I definitely recommend the network. A worthy thing. I wouldn’t mind having mesh on the top either)) Reply |
| Andrey March 19, 2022 at 8:20 pm | Is it better to have a silver grille or a black grille for a black car? A photo would be Reply |
| / Admin / March 20, 2022 at 1:08 pm | If you don’t install more silver parts, black is better. If you are planning to introduce chrome or stainless steel elements, take silver Reply |
| Alexey June 28, 2022 at 02:25 pm | And most importantly, is the Largus Cross suitable? Both mesh and replacement pad? Reply |
| / Admin / June 29, 2022 at 10:39 am | Yes, suitable for cross-country Reply |
| Andrey September 21, 2022 at 03:35 pm | How the lower mesh is attached is clear from the video, but how to install the upper one? The Largus Cross has black bumpers and a radiator grille, tell me which mesh is best suited, maybe there is a photo? Reply |
| / Admin / September 21, 2022 at 07:02 pm | If the car itself is silver - a silver mesh, otherwise a black one is better for a black bumper. The principle of installing the top ones is the same Reply |
| Dmitry October 7, 2022 at 12:03 pm | “This protection is installed only on the “Radiator Protection” from the company Strelka11.” I can’t understand, from the photographs it seems like it’s installed on the standard one (from the video too). What does this phrase refer to? If everything is standard, then I won’t be able to install this grille? Reply |
| / Admin / October 7, 2022 at 10:07 pm | for winter kitReply |
| Pavel November 26, 2022 at 10:48 pm | These meshes from Strelka11 are quick and easy to install. How to remove them? Just as easy? Reply |
| / Admin / November 27, 2022 at 01:00 | These are their own networks. They can be removed without any problems. The only question is, why take them off?) Reply |
| Pavel November 29, 2022 at 00:08 | Why film? Will explain. Not live, but in the photos and videos I didn’t like the appearance of the car with the nets installed—it looked like a collective farm. That's why I asked about the ease of dismantling. I thought that I would mount them in front of the intercity to protect the radiator, and then remove them. I’ll buy it, install it, and if I like it, I won’t remove it :) Reply |
| / Admin / November 29, 2022 at 12:24 pm | Well, I can warn you that the design of the latches is flimsy and frequent dismantling will kill them. Then try looking towards tuning the lower radiator grilles with the mesh already inserted there. Reply |
| Pavel November 29, 2022 at 10:04 pm | Ideal for me, of course, is the internal mesh, so that it protects the radiator and does not spoil the appearance. But you only have the bottom one. And installation there is much more complicated - as I understand it, you need to remove the radiator grille. Tuning grilles, thanks for the advice, I don’t like them at all, just like all the other “handicraft designs”. After all, it’s not for nothing that the automaker’s designers are paid a lot of money :)Reply |
| / Admin / November 29, 2022 at 10:33 pm | Well, you can put any mesh behind the bumper. This design does not spoil the car at all, especially the black one is not noticeable at all. Reply |
| Pavel November 30, 2022 at 03:44 pm | How difficult is it to install the mesh from the inside? Is there a video of this process? Reply |
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How to uniquely transform your car?
A car has not been considered a luxury for a long time. This is a convenient means of transportation. Need to pick up your child from kindergarten? Give your spouse a ride to work? Or go shopping at the store? Having your own car will simplify these and many other tasks. But I want the vehicle to be special, not like others. It is for this reason that, in pursuit of exclusivity and originality, many car owners work hard on its appearance. Tuning is the improvement of a car. Even if you have the most expensive car, you will still want to change something about it. It's always nice to be the center of attention. A beautiful car will emphasize the social status of its owner and, of course, his sense of taste.
In this case, the best option would be to seek help from a technical service center!
Protective nets in the bumper grilles, without removing the bumper! unofficial Lada Largus club
Protective nets in the bumper grilles, without removing the bumper.
Car rating - 8.
We install bumper protective nets without removing the bumper.
I bought a mesh to install in the bumper, since the radiator grille is large-mesh and there is a high probability that something small and hard will fly into the radiator, such as a pebble, which can lead to expensive repairs! Every summer, on all the cars I had before, I put a mosquito net over the radiator grille, due to the fact that I live in an area where in the summer you can’t even go outside without a mosquito net.
Nasty, mosquito, and at the end of June there are also hordes of them circling blindly and wanting to devour you. It’s not for nothing that our region is called “the country of under-absorption”! “In summer, midges and midges get in the way; in winter, it’s impossible without a pry bar; it freezes!” In general, I bought a mesh, took the smallest mesh that was available, I didn’t choose the color either, I took blue, the price per sheet was 580 rubles, I didn’t measure the size, but it was enough for the entire bumper and there was still a little left.
I decided to install it without removing the bumper. To do this, I started dismantling the upper grille, for which I needed to unscrew the 4 upper bolts securing the bumper.
then, slightly pulling the unscrewed plane, crawl under it with your hand and unclip part of the upper grille latches, starting from the corner.
then, applying some force with your fingers, we snap off the remaining latches at the top of the grille.
Then, by placing your hand inside the grille, we release the lower clamps.
take out the grille assembly.
we get this look, there is enough space to push the mesh into the lower grille.
Let's start making a stencil from cardboard or whatman paper, whoever has what, for the bottom grille.
We apply the made stencil to the mesh and trace the outline with a marker.
Then we cut everything out with ordinary stationery scissors, it cuts perfectly.
We try on the resulting part and adjust it in place, on the outside of the grille, and then insert the mesh from the inside.
This procedure is somewhat difficult since there are confusers installed in the corners of the lower grille inside.
This should not be confusing, first you need to insert one corner of the mesh, and then, slightly deforming the mesh without creating sharp folds, but smooth ones are possible, we insert the other edge of the mesh.
Then we smooth the mesh with our palm and pull it from the outside with plastic zip ties to the grid (you can use pieces of black wire and it will not affect the result, this will finally smooth out our mesh.
We bite off the tails of the clamps with side cutters.
The bottom mesh is installed.
Next, we proceed to install the mesh in the upper grill. It's much easier with it than with the bottom one. We apply the mesh to the grille from the inside and draw it in a circle with a marker, stepping back from the clamps a few millimeters so that later you can freely snap the grille into place.
Next, we attach the mesh to the grille and insert it into its regular place. We fasten the bumper mounting bolts into place.
The result is on the face of the car.
The work of installing the nets took less time than writing a report in the logbook.
About our magazines.
Create your blog. where you can share your impressions of the car with forum members, talk about improvements to your Largus, in general, keep a full-fledged logbook.
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We fill until the liquid begins to flow out through the air outlet fitting. We wrap the cap of the air release fitting and the cap of the expansion tank.
Let's start the engine. When the engine warms up, the outlet (lower) radiator hose should be cold for some time, and then quickly heat up, which will indicate the beginning of fluid circulation in a large circle. After waiting for the cooling system fan to turn on, stop the engine. After the engine has cooled, check the coolant level. If necessary, we bring it to normal.
Dismantling process
So, let's look at the step-by-step process of dismantling the front bumper:
- Before you start this simple task, you need to prepare. It is best to place the car on a lift, but at worst, you can use a pit.
- Now let's move on to the dismantling process itself. Remove the lower plastic protective mudguard. To do this, unscrew the fasteners that are located in front. The back and middle parts are attached to plugs that can be removed using a special tool or screwdriver.
- Now, you need to unscrew the front fender liners from the bumper.
- Next, you should find the wire connector that is responsible for the fog lights and disconnect it. It is located in the left arch of the body mudguard.
- We unscrew the screws that secure the bumper to the subframe from below.
- You should also unscrew the screws securing the bumper to the fender on both sides.
- Next, unscrew the upper mounts of the buffer to the radiator frame.
- We lower the edges of the bumper where it was attached to the wing and, pulling it forward, remove the buffer.
- If necessary, remove the wiring harnesses from the grooves that are laid along the bumper.
- We unscrew the fog lights and dismantle them.
- Having released the fasteners, remove the radiator grille.
- We also pull out the lower bumper grille.
- Installation is carried out in reverse order.
Now the front bumper has been removed from the car, and the necessary manipulations can be carried out.
The reasons for dismantling can be very different, but the main one remains physical damage. Many people have come across this concept. So, let's look at the cases in which you will have to remove the front bumper on Largus:
- Road accident. The most common reason why a part needs to be dismantled. In 75% of cases this happens due to the fault of the Largus driver. A simple failure to maintain distance can lead to deformation and damage not only to the bumper, but also to the elements underneath it.
- Colliding with an obstacle (even though the Largus has quite high ground clearance), which resulted in deformation of the lower part of the radiator frame. To eliminate damage to the body element, you will have to dismantle the bumper.
- Replacing the radiator grille will also require removing the buffer. This is so because the frame is an integral part of the security element.
- A banal but worthwhile reason is tuning. To upgrade or install a body kit, you will have to remove the bumper.
- Touch-up paint or other reasons will also be a reason to remove the front bumper.
- In some cases, the bumper will have to be removed if the radiator needs to be replaced.
- Installing DRLs (daytime running lights) in the bumper.
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All these and other reasons may be a reason to remove the bumper on Largus.
Types of car tuning
Due to the huge variety of work to improve cars, tuning is classified into three types:
- external;
- basic;
- technical.
Modernizing the appearance of a vehicle can be carried out in various ways, from cosmetic modifications to global measures that involve changing the geometry of the body.
In Russia, exterior tuning usually involves tinting glass and optics, airbrushing, installing alloy wheels and original body kits, as well as upgrading headlights in various ways.
Tuning VAZ 2110
Car modifications during basic tuning most often consist of significant changes in the components and assemblies of the car, namely, the power unit, transmission, suspension, braking system, etc.
For example, engine chip tuning makes it possible to reduce fuel consumption, increase torque and power of the internal combustion engine, and also improve the dynamic performance or traction characteristics of the vehicle.
Technical improvement is focused on transforming the interior of the car. The scope and purpose of such modifications depends entirely on the preferences and budget of the vehicle owner.
Leather upholstery
A timeless classic of technical tuning is the installation of sports seats and upholstery of the interior with genuine leather. Also, the list of car tuning elements can include the installation of all kinds of additional equipment, such as an alarm system, on-board computer, multimedia system, air conditioning system and other devices that increase comfort or safety.
Briefly about installation
First you need to remove the bumper. It is more convenient to do this on an overpass or inspection hole. Asterisks are used throughout.
- You will need to unscrew four bolts at the top and three bolts at the bottom of the bumper
- Unscrew the bumper mudguards (left and right) where they press against the bumper
- Unscrew the front fender liners from the bumper (two screws on each side)
- The most difficult place to reach is the attachment of the extreme ends of the bumper to the fenders. There's a hex bolt with a shoulder. Requires a sprocket or tubular wrench
- Remove the ends of the bumper from the grooves and remove it
The figure below shows all the mounting points for the front bumper.
Advantages
If you are interested in small tuning, but do not want serious innovations, just install a new grille. Your old bumper will only benefit from this.
Considering the current assortment, you can literally buy whatever you want. On Avito and other sites they sell factory-made elements, handmade decorative overlays, so to speak. You can just slap on a little molding and it's done. It’s up to you to decide, since a new grille is not that expensive. Much depends on the material of manufacture, but more on that later.
Speaking of strengths, I am a proponent of buying or DIYing a new grille for several reasons.
- Availability. The price of parts for tuning the grille is low. Moreover, on Kia, Chevrolet Orlando, Lacetti, Renault Duster, Mazda, Lancer 10, Skoda and a number of other cars, the prices are equally good. You don’t have to spend a lot of money to have your VAZ 2105, Nissan X-Trail T31, Lifan x60, Chevrolet Cruze, Priora, Granta or the same UAZ Patriot transformed and sparkle with new colors.
- Installation methods. If you don't even know anything about removing the bumper and are worried about the risks of damaging the heating system when working near the radiator, the replacement can be done by specialists. St. Petersburg, Moscow and almost every city in the country has at least 1 car service center where they are ready to do everything for you efficiently and quickly. You can buy a tuning element and entrust its installation to specialists. Or put the work entirely on the shoulders of the masters. Many workshops are ready to make or order everything you need. It costs more, but you have a minimum of worries. Or do it yourself. Not the worst option either.
- External changes. Installing even a small grille instead of the factory one gives the car a completely different sound. A regular trim or a black grille with original cells perfectly changes the appearance of the car.
- Range. We are talking about both the design and the materials used to create the radiator grilles. Chrome, plastic, aluminum, stainless steel and other materials will allow you to get what you need.
As you can see, there are a number of reasons to start removing the old grille and installing a new original element in its place. Sometimes after such mini-tuning the car immediately looks like new. It can be a slant towards sport, elegance or brutality. It's up to you to decide.
Dimensions, shape, material of the radiator grille
Each car manufacturer has its own size, shape and material for making the grille. Many use plastic, some use metal to create gratings, and there are also combined gratings - made of plastic and metal. The dimensions largely depend on the dimensions of the front part and the layout of all its elements. Manufacturers often coat the radiator grille or some of its parts with chrome, disguising the plastic material of the grille as metal.
For example, on the latest generation Ford Focus the radiator grille is very small and serves almost only a decorative function, since volumetric air intakes installed on the front bumper are used to cool the radiator.
Ford Focus radiator grille
But on the latest generation Toyota Land Cruiser 200 SUV, the radiator grille is very voluminous and it performs both a protective, decorative, and aerodynamic function, since it does not have air intakes on the bumper.
Volumetric radiator grille Toyota Land Cruiser 200
Many manufacturers, in pursuit of an aesthetic appearance of the front end, forget about the direct purpose of the radiator grille - protecting the radiator. They make a grid with very large cells or with a significant distance between the grid strips. Such a lattice cannot always “catch” a flying stone. Many car enthusiasts solve this problem by either replacing the grille or installing a fine mesh from the inside of the factory grille.
It should be noted that in addition to the improved appearance and protection of the radiator, tuning radiator grilles can also provide other useful functions. For example, there are grilles into which additional lights are integrated. These lights connect to the wiring that goes to the headlights.
Some craftsmen create exclusive radiator grilles using the factory grille as a basis. Typically, the outer contour of the factory grille remains, which makes it easier to install it in place in the future, but the inner part is cut out. A grille with a special pattern is mounted in place of the cut out part; it is also possible to install additional lights. Next, the finished grille is painted or chromed, and then installed in place.
The ability to dismantle the radiator grill makes it possible to replace it if damaged. But many people use this opportunity to give the car individuality, since there are now many types of grilles on sale, which look very different from the factory ones.
You can also change the appearance of the front of the car not only by replacing the grille, but also by purchasing linings for it. Moreover, grille covers can be not only decorative, but also perform a specific function. Nowadays, winter grille covers are sold for almost all cars. This cover completely covers the grille, blocking the air flow through it. In winter, this contributes to faster heating of the power plant and compliance with the temperature regime.
Radiator grille trim
Why does a car need restyling?
You can talk a lot about design trends, customer desires, the market and changing fashion, and it will all be true. But the main reason why automakers do restyling is the desire to sell the same car a second time.
Judge for yourself: it takes time and a huge amount of money to develop a model, its design and technical base. And now there is a new car on the market that is somehow being bought. A year and a half passes, and boom! – a restyled model is on the market, even cooler and more stylish than the previous one. All you need to do is slightly correct the “face”, optics, add chrome and increase the diagonal of the screen of the multimedia system in the cabin. Almost new car!
An example of such restyling is the famous Renault Duster. While in Europe the second-generation model (the one with rear optics with a cross-shaped “sight”) is being sold with all its might, a restyled first-generation model has been launched for some countries (in particular, India). This is bad? No, this is a response to market demands that have been carefully studied and processed.
But let's not be cynical. Market demands and design fashion trends have not gone away. Therefore, a new look for an old car model is no longer a luxury, but a means of fighting competitors. It often happens that even before a new model is released onto the market, work is already underway on its restyling. This helps to release the car before competitors steal the most interesting ideas, and at the same time reduce the time it takes to update the model to add flavor to it.
We have already partially answered this question: to increase sales while reducing costs. But there are other reasons forcing the automaker to incur such expenses.
Work on mistakes
To understand how important this is, we must remember that in most cases the car model provides for several modifications. They differ in engines, gearbox, some optics parameters, electronic components, wheelbase
And sometimes it happens that a certain engine model is not very well combined with the weight of the car, or is not suitable at all for a certain market (for example, they send us a car that requires high-quality gasoline. How long will it last?) In this case, restyling is an excellent reason remove unsuccessful engines or gearboxes from the line, and at the same time “tighten up” the appearance.
Design and interior. We must not forget about beauty either. A lot can change in auto design trends in a year, for example, after an exhibition or auto show. When changes are imminent in the general style on the market, you urgently need to adjust your latest models to the desired trend. It sounds strange, but such improvements in most cases are beneficial. Chrome, moldings, sills, optics, door handles, a different radiator grille - all this can completely change the appearance of the car.
And we must not forget that for electronics and computer technologies, a year is already quite a long time, and two years is a huge time interval, during which 2-3 innovations may appear, immediately introduced by large manufacturers. For example, liquid crystal display matrices developed, evolving every six months. Or mobile communication standards that require new data transmission capacities and at the same time generate a new request.
